{"id":2546,"date":"2024-09-14T22:44:33","date_gmt":"2024-09-14T22:44:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/gunowner-news.com\/?p=2546"},"modified":"2024-09-14T22:44:33","modified_gmt":"2024-09-14T22:44:33","slug":"grumman-f-14-tomcat-americas-carrier-based-variable-sweep-wing-fighter","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/gunowner-news.com\/?p=2546","title":{"rendered":"Grumman F-14 Tomcat \u2014 America\u2019s Carrier Based Variable-Sweep Wing Fighter"},"content":{"rendered":"


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By Peter Suciu<\/a><\/p>\n

W<\/span>ith lessons learned in the Vietnam War fresh in its mind, the United States Navy set out to develop a carrier-based interceptor with long legs to deal with threats from the Soviet Union. While the F-4 Phantom<\/a> had its strengths, Soviet MiGs often had better maneuverability that smart pilots could take advantage of in a dogfight.<\/p>\n

\n<\/picture>
An air-to-air view of three Grumman F-14A Tomcat fighters as seen from the front seat of another F-14 in 1987. Image:\u00a0U.S. Navy<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Influenced by the canceled F-111B program, Grumman\u2019s 303 design would become the F-14 Tomcat: a variable-sweep wing fighter that would serve the U.S. Navy for more than 30 years. In many ways, Hollywood made the plane famous in the 1986 action movie\u00a0Top Gun<\/em>. In 2022, the plane made a cameo in the same movie\u2019s sequel,\u00a0Top Gun: Maverick<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\"Grumman\n<\/picture>
Based at NAS Miramar (now Marine Corps Air Station Miramar), this F-14 Tomcat was part of Fighter Squadron 124 (VF-124). Image:\u00a0PHCS B. Lawson\/NARA<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The United States Navy provided considerable support for the making of\u00a0Top Gun: Maverick<\/em>, which included providing access to F\/A-18 Super Hornets as well as to the Nimitz<\/em>-class nuclear-powered aircraft carriers<\/a> USS\u00a0Theodore Roosevelt<\/em>\u00a0(CVN-71) and USS\u00a0Abraham Lincoln<\/em>\u00a0(CVN-72). Yet, such support didn\u2019t result in the most authentic look at U.S. military operations.<\/p>\n

\"Grumman\n<\/picture>
Sailors on the USS\u00a0Harry S. Truman<\/em>\u00a0(CVN 75) position an F-14B Tomcat onto one of the four steam catapults during flight operations on Dec. 26, 2004. Image:\u00a0PH Philip V. Morrill\/U.S. Navy<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

As with many action films, it needs to be viewed with no shortage of a \u201csuspension of disbelief\u201d \u2014 at least to accept that a late 50-something U.S. Navy aviator would be tasked for such a notable mission, not to mention be a test pilot for the not-so-secret SR-72 \u201cDarkstar\u201d hypersonic aircraft.<\/p>\n

\"F-14\n<\/picture>
The F-14 Tomcat was the cornerstone of a carrier group\u2019s air defense for about three decades. Image:\u00a0U.S. Navy<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

At times,\u00a0Top Gun: Maverick<\/em>\u00a0is about as realistic as Tom Cruise\u2019s\u00a0Mission: Impossible<\/em>\u00a0franchise \u2014 but the point is to entertain, not educate. It remains a bombastic \u201cpopcorn\u201d movie that can almost be watched on repeat!\u00a0<\/p>\n

And despite all of this, one sequence actually makes a bit of sense.<\/p>\n

\"F-14A\n<\/picture>
F-14A Tomcats on patrol during Operation Desert Shield. Both planes are attached to Carrier Air Wing Three, embarked on the aircraft carrier USS\u00a0John F. Kennedy<\/em>\u00a0(CV-67). Image:\u00a0U.S. Navy<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

When Cruise\u2019s \u201cMaverick\u201d and Miles Teller\u2019s \u201cRooster\u201d are downed behind enemy lines in an undisclosed nation, that appears to be the Islamic Republic of Iran, they manage to steal a Grumman F-14 Tomcat. The amazing coincidence of it being the same aircraft Cruise flew in the first movie aside,\u00a0it might seem unbelievable that one would be still in operation \u2014 especially in the air force of a nation that is clearly the enemy of the United States of America.<\/p>\n

\"Grumman\n<\/picture>
A F-14B Tomcat of VF-32, the Fighting Swordsmen, launches from a waist catapult on the USS\u00a0Harry S. Truman.\u00a0<\/em>Image:\u00a0PH Philip V. Morrill\/U.S. Navy<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Yet, this is where truth can be stranger than fiction.\u00a0<\/p>\n

While the United States Navy retired this multirole carrier-based fighter in September 2006, a handful are very much still in service with the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Defense Force today. The tale is a curious one. Before I tell it, let us back up and talk about the plane first.<\/p>\n

A New Carrier-Based Interceptor\u00a0<\/h2>\n

In the 1960s, aircraft maker Grumman (now part of Northrop Grumman) partnered with General Dynamics to develop the F-111B, a long-range carrier-based interceptor aircraft variant of the F-111 Aardvark<\/a>. In 1968, as it became increasingly evident that the program wouldn\u2019t move forward, Grumman began working on a replacement.\u00a0<\/p>\n

\"F-14\n<\/picture>
This F-14 Navy Tomcat was used in the Variable-Sweep Transition Flight Experiment (VSTFE) to better understand variable sweep aircraft performance at high subsonic speeds. Image:\u00a0NASA<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

It was almost a clean slate, except for the TF30 engines and Hughes AWG-9 radar, and the fact it was designed to carry the same Hughes AIM-54 Phoenix long-range air-to-air missile (AAM). In addition to the same power plant, the F-14 included the variable-geometry wings of the General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark<\/a> that are now so iconic.<\/p>\n

\"F-14A\n<\/picture>
An F-14 intercepts a Soviet Tu-95 Bear aircraft as it approached a carrier group during 1977. Image:\u00a0NARA<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Grumman\u2019s F-14 was a fully new and uncompromised design, and it was selected as the winner of the Navy Fighter Experimental (VFX) competition in January 1969. By December 1970, the first of the six R&D prototypes made its maiden flight.<\/p>\n

\"sailors\n<\/picture>
Sailors aboard the USS\u00a0Independence<\/em>\u00a0(CV-62) load a Phoenix missile on an F-14 fighter in the Arabian Sea. Image:\u00a0NARA<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

One notable change with the Tomcat was that, unlike the planned F-111B, no effort was made to achieve commonality with other aircraft. This gave Grumman\u2019s design team an incredible amount of flexibility when engineering the air superiority fighter.\u00a0<\/p>\n

\"F-14\n<\/picture>
A Fighter Squadron 114 (VF-114) F-14 Tomcat aircraft flies over oil well fires in Kuwait after Operation Desert Storm. The wells were set ablaze by Iraqi invaders. Image:\u00a0NARA<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The F-14 Tomcat fighter made use of aerodynamic innovations that were truly tailored to naval aviation, and that included its retractable foreplanes in the fixed portion of the wing leading edge. That design innovation served to prevent pitching when the wings were swept back.<\/p>\n

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The swing wing was able to take up any angle between 20 degrees and 68 degrees based on the varying demands of the mission \u2014 and the main advantage was that it reduced takeoff and landing speeds, facilitating catapult accelerated launches at high gross weights, which helped reduce fuel consumption in subsonic loiter and enable higher altitudes to be reached at low subsonic speeds.<\/p>\n

\"Grumman\n<\/picture>
An F-14D Tomcat prepares for an arrested landing aboard the aircraft carrier USS\u00a0Theodore Roosevelt<\/em>\u00a0in the Persian Gulf on January 6, 2006. Image:\u00a0PH Nathan Laird\/U.S. Navy<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Less than two years after taking its first flight, the F-14 entered service with the U.S. Navy \u2014 a timeline that seems almost unimaginable today. The new fighter was given the name \u201cTomcat\u201d in part keeping with the Grumman \u201ccat\u201d names of past aircraft but also to honor U.S. Navy Admiral Thomas \u201cTomcat\u201d Connelly who pushed Congressional lawmakers to fund the development of a carrier-based fighter for the sea service.<\/p>\n

In total, 712 F-14 Tomcats were built.<\/p>\n

Top Gun<\/em>\u00a0Made the F-14 Famous<\/h2>\n

Thanks to 1986\u2019s\u00a0Top Gun<\/em>, the F-14 Tomcat remains as iconic to the 1980s as Kenny Loggins\u2019 song\u00a0Danger Zone<\/em>\u00a0and Berlin\u2019s\u00a0Take My Breath Away<\/em> \u2014 the two hit songs from\u00a0Top Gun<\/em> \u2014 along with Harold Faltermeyer\u2019s and Steve Stevens\u2019\u00a0Top Gun Anthem<\/em>. In the film, the Tomcat was arguably as big a star as Cruise and Val Kilmer.<\/p>\n

\"filming\n<\/picture>
Jeff Moe, a stand-in for Tom Cruise when setting up cameras and lighting, receives a briefing from Lt. Will Gildner on the layout of an F-14 Tomcat cockpit. Image:\u00a0PH2 Michael D. P. Flynn\/U.S. Navy<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

What some\u00a0Top Gun<\/em>\u00a0fans may forget is that the F-14 Tomcat had already made its big screen debut six years earlier in the 1980 film\u00a0The Final Countdown<\/em>, starring Kirk Douglas and Martin Sheen. That science fiction-themed thriller saw the USS\u00a0Nimitz<\/em>\u00a0(CVN-68) transported back in time to December 1941, just days before the Imperial Japanese Navy\u2019s attack on Pearl Harbor. In the film, two F-14s have their moment in the spotlight shooting down a pair of IJN Mitsubishi A6M \u201cZero\u201d fighters.<\/p>\n

\"Lt\n<\/picture>
This scene from the movie\u00a0Top Gun<\/em>\u00a0shows Lt. Craig Steffen of VF-211 standing near his F-14 Tomcat awaiting a ride to Base Operations. Image:\u00a0PH2 Michael D. P. Flynn\/U.S. Navy<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Interestingly, the replica Zeros had been made for the 1970 film\u00a0Tora! Tora! Tora!<\/em>\u00a0about the attack on Pearl Harbor. During filming they were almost accidentally downed by the Tomcats due to turbulence caused by the modern fighters.<\/p>\n

\"USN\n<\/picture>
Lt. Bruce W. Fecht takes a brief nap on the tail section of a F-14 Tomcat. The aircraft was being used as a prop by a Paramount movie crew filming the movie\u00a0Top Gun<\/em>. Image:\u00a0PH2 Michael D. P. Flynn\/U.S. Navy<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The \u201ckills\u201d in the movie also came before any U.S. Navy Tomcats have bared their claws in aerial combat. While viewers were no doubt ready for an even bigger showdown between the Tomcats and Zeroes, the film\u2019s plot called for the carrier to return to the present day just as the Japanese launched their attack.<\/p>\n

\"filming\n<\/picture>
A cameraman films a scene for the motion picture Top Gun<\/em>. Supported by the U.S. Navy, the movie made the F-14 a Hollywood star. Image:\u00a0NARA<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Audiences thus had to wait for\u00a0Top Gun<\/em>\u00a0to truly see the F-14 Tomcat in action, where it went up against modern aircraft \u2014 the fictitious Mikoyan MiG-28, which were really Northrop F-5 fighters.\u00a0Top Gun<\/em>\u00a0went on to be the top-grossing film of 1986.<\/p>\n

The Grumman F-14 Tomcat in Combat<\/h2>\n

Another notable part of the F-14 Tomcat\u2019s story is that it wasn\u2019t among the most combat-proven warbirds to see service. It was conceived during the Vietnam War and was introduced in 1974. It served during the Cold War, only to be superseded by the more advanced Boeing F\/A-18E\/F Super Hornet<\/a> in the early 2000s.<\/p>\n

\"US\n<\/picture>
A US Navy F-14 Tomcat from the Fighter Squadron 111 (VF-111) Sundowners launches an AIM-54C Phoenix long-range air to air missile. Image:\u00a0NARA<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Thus, unlike the U.S. Air Force\u2019s McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle, which has been employed in more than 100 combat sorties, and the General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon<\/a> with its lengthy combat record, the F-14 Tomcat\u2019s service history is far less colorful. This is meant in no way to disparage the Tomcat or those who flew it, just a fact that the aircraft was arguably the right aircraft but it arrived at the wrong time to see any significant aerial action.\u00a0<\/p>\n

\"sailors\n<\/picture>
Aviation ordnancemen unload an AGM-62 Walleye missile from an F-14 Tomcat. This mission is in support of Operation Allied Force, the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia in 1999. Image:\u00a0NARA<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

When\u00a0Top Gun<\/em>\u00a0scored a direct hit with viewers, the Navy\u2019s fighter had only two \u201ckills\u201d in U.S. service. Its combat baptism occurred during the Gulf of Sidra incident in August 1981. Two F-14 Tomcats from the U.S. Navy\u2019s Strike Fighter Squadron 41 (VF-41) \u201cBlack Aces\u201d operating from the USS\u00a0Nimitz<\/em>\u00a0(CVN-68) shot down a pair of Libyan Su-22 fighter-bombers. The Su-22 was an export variant of the Sukhoi Su-17 \u201cFitter\u201d fighter airplane made in the Soviet Union. Interestingly, the Su-17 and Su-22 were a variable-sweep wing design similar to the Tomcat.<\/p>\n

\"Libyan\n<\/picture>
The Libyan Su-22, shown above, was a variable sweep wing design similar to the F-14. However, it was no match for the Tomcats flown by U.S. Naval Aviators. Image:\u00a0U.S. Navy<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Though the U.S. Navy and Pentagon sought to downplay the battle with Libya,\u00a0Top Gun<\/em>\u00a0served up a heavily fictionalized account that highlighted the aircraft\u2019s capabilities.\u00a0<\/p>\n

\"F-14\n<\/picture>
An air-to-air right view of an F-14 Tomcat aircraft from Fighter Squadron 154 (VF-154) firing an AIM-54 Phoenix missile. Image:\u00a0U.S. Navy<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The F-14\u2019s next actual combat sortie didn\u2019t occur until January 1989. In the inelegantly named 1989 Air Battle Near Tobruk, a pair of Tomcats from VF-32 \u201cFlying Swordsman\u201d downed two\u00a0Mikoyan-Gurevich\u00a0MiG-23 \u201cFlogger\u201d Libyan fighters over the Mediterranean Sea.\u00a0<\/p>\n

\"F-14\n<\/picture>
An F-14 pilot on the USS\u00a0Saratoga<\/em>\u00a0(CV-60), a Forrestal-class aircraft carrier, prepares for a combat air patrol in 1986. Image:\u00a0U.S. Navy<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

During Operation Desert Storm \u2014 the U.S. military\u2019s name for the Gulf War \u2014 in 1991, an F-14 downed an Iraqi Mil Mi-8 helicopter. The Tomcat later served in an air policing role over the country during the Iraqi no-fly zones conflict.<\/p>\n

\"F-14\n<\/picture>
A U.S. Navy F-14A Tomcat fighter aircraft, foreground, escorts a Soviet Union Tupolev Tu-142 Bear bomber away from a carrier group. Image:\u00a0NARA<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The U.S. Navy F-14 fighter was also employed during the War on Terror in a ground support role, including strike, close air support (CAS), reconnaissance and forward air control during 2001\u2019s Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan, and again in 2003\u2019s Operation Iraqi Freedom.\u00a0<\/p>\n

\"F-14\n<\/picture>
Aviation ordnancemen prepare to arm an F-14 Tomcat aircraft with AIM-7 Sparrow air-to-air missiles on the flight deck of the aircraft carrier USS\u00a0John F. Kennedy<\/em>. Image:\u00a0PH2 John Bivera\/U.S. Navy<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The last two squadrons to operate the F-14 for the U.S. Navy were Fighter Squadron (VF) 31 \u201cTomcatters\u201d and VF-213 \u201cBlack Lions.\u201d Operating from USS\u00a0Theodore Roosevelt<\/em>, the squadrons collectively completed 1,163 combat sorties, totaling 6,876 flight hours, dropping 9,500 pounds of ordnance. The Tomcat\u2019s last combat mission was completed on February 7, 2006. <\/p>\n

Iran\u2019s F-14s: How\u2019d That Happen?<\/h2>\n

While the F-15 Eagle, F-16 Falcon, and F\/A-18 Hornet were all widely exported to nations around the globe, that wasn\u2019t the case with the Tomcat. Attempts were made to sell the F-14 to various partners including Canada, Germany and Japan. However, the United States Navy and the Imperial Iranian Air Force were the only two operators of this remarkable aircraft.<\/p>\n

\"North\n<\/picture>
An Air Force F-100 Supersabre<\/a> prepares for takeoff to fly to Iran to participate in the Operation Delaware \u2014 joint military maneuvers between the United States and Iran. Image:\u00a0NARA<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Prior to the Iranian Revolution, also known as the Islamic Revolution, in 1979, the Imperial State of Iran was a U.S. ally. As a result the militaries of the two countries trained together and shared military technologies.<\/p>\n

Tehran ordered 80 of the fighters, of which 79 were delivered before the revolution.<\/p>\n

\"Richard\n<\/picture>
The United States and Iran used to be allied. Here future president Richard Nixon and his wife attend a formal event with Iranian Army staff in Iran during a diplomatic mission. Image:\u00a0NARA<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Then came the Islamic Revolution of 1979, and the situation changed considerably. The U.S. cut off support for all the military hardware that had been sold to Tehran, notably the F-14 Tomcats. The thinking at the time was that there was no way the aircraft would remain operational. Shockingly, the Iranian military managed to keep the F-14s flying, and even today there are believed to be more than a dozen that are still airworthy.<\/p>\n

That is just part of the story of the F-14 Tomcat in Iranian hands.<\/p>\n

The Tomcat in Iranian Service<\/h2>\n

The other notable part of the F-14 story is that it was a Tomcat in service with the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force (IRIAF), not the United States Navy, that first drew blood. That occurred in 1980 during the Iran-Iraq War when a Tomcat was crediting for downing an Iraqi Mil Mi-25 helicopter.<\/p>\n

\"F-14\n<\/picture>
An F-14A Tomcat fighter aircraft from the U.S. Navy Fighter Weapons School, painted like an Iranian fighter for adversary training, makes a visit to the U.S. Air Force Fighter Weapons School. Image:\u00a0NARA<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Though the exact combat record remains disputed, it is believed that the F-14 may have scored at least 50 air-to-air victories in just the first six months of the war \u2014 shooting down Soviet-made Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 fighters, Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23 fighters and Su-20\/22 fighter-bombers flown by the Iraqi Air Force.<\/p>\n

\"Iranian\n<\/picture>
These Iranian F-14A\u00a0fighters are armed with AIM-54\u00a0Phoenix, AIM-7\u00a0Sparrow\u00a0and AIM-9\u00a0Sidewinder missiles. An unidentified missile appears to be a modified MIM-23\u00a0Hawk. Image:\u00a0IRIAF\/Public Domain<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Though Tehran was no friend of the U.S. at the time, the war highlighted that the F-14 was well-suited to take on Soviet aircraft of the era. Due partially to a lack of U.S. support, as well as Iraq\u2019s Soviet-supplied air defenses, Iran lost a significant number from its litter of Tomcats in the war.<\/p>\n

\"technicians\n<\/picture>
A technician checks the cockpit of an F-14 Tomcat aircraft aboard the aircraft carrier USS\u00a0Kitty Hawk<\/em>\u00a0(CV-63). Image:\u00a0NARA<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

According to some sources, the Iranian military ended the conflict with just 34 operational Tomcats \u2014 and Tehran went to great lengths to keep those fighters flying. When the F-14 was retired, Washington even responded by ordering that remaining Tomcats be shredded rather than placing them or the stock of parts in storage at the U.S. Air Force 309th Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Group\u2019s \u201cBoneyard\u201d at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base (AFB), Arizona. Normally retired U.S. military aircraft and parts are maintained \u2014 but in the case of the F-14, the parts were destroyed so that nothing could be illicitly shared with Iran.<\/p>\n

\"three\n<\/picture>
An air-to-air right side view of three F-14 Tomcat aircraft from Fighter Squadron 213 (VF-213) as they fly over the desert near NAS Fallon, Nevada in 1980. Image:\u00a0Robert L. Lawson\/NARA<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

However, the legacy of the F-14 lives on, with dozens of airframes now preserved and on display at museums and military bases in the United States. The majority of those saved are F-14A variants. However, F-14B, F-14D, F-14D(R) and NF-14D models are also preserved and available for viewing around the United States.<\/p>\n

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By Peter Suciu With lessons learned in the Vietnam War fresh in its mind, the United States Navy set out to develop a carrier-based interceptor with long legs to deal with threats from the Soviet Union. While the F-4 Phantom had its strengths, Soviet MiGs often had better maneuverability that smart pilots could take advantage […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2547,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2546","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/gunowner-news.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2546","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/gunowner-news.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/gunowner-news.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gunowner-news.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gunowner-news.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2546"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/gunowner-news.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2546\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gunowner-news.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/2547"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/gunowner-news.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2546"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gunowner-news.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2546"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gunowner-news.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2546"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}