{"id":2434,"date":"2024-08-06T17:23:03","date_gmt":"2024-08-06T17:23:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/gunowner-news.com\/?p=2434"},"modified":"2024-08-06T17:23:03","modified_gmt":"2024-08-06T17:23:03","slug":"nazi-germanys-last-ditch-d-day-defenses","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/gunowner-news.com\/?p=2434","title":{"rendered":"Nazi Germany\u2019s Last-Ditch D-Day Defenses"},"content":{"rendered":"<p> <br \/>\n<\/p>\n<div>\n<p class=\"byline\">By <a class=\"byline-author ajax-home\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/author\/tom-laemlein\/\">Tom Laemlein<\/a><\/p>\n<p><em>\u201cWaste not, want not.\u201d<\/em>\u00a0I heard that expression quite a lot when I was a kid. My parents were children of the Great Depression, and my father a combat veteran of WWII. They made full use of everything they had. Their economy still rings out in my mind any time I waste anything.<\/p>\n<p>For the <a class=\"ajax-article\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/d-day-defeating-nazi-atlantic-wall\/\">German troops defending the Atlantic Wall<\/a>, any concepts of economy were in full effect. Even as the Reich poured men and machines into the meat-grinder that was the Russian Front, Germany needed to reinforce its Atlantic defenses with as much firepower as they could find, but the weapons industry of the Third Reich could not keep pace.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><picture fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-55780\"><source type=\"image\/webp\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/turret-bunker-H35-37mm-Le-Grande-Vey.jpg.webp 1400w, https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/turret-bunker-H35-37mm-Le-Grande-Vey-800x597.jpg.webp 800w, https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/turret-bunker-H35-37mm-Le-Grande-Vey-400x298.jpg.webp 400w, https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/turret-bunker-H35-37mm-Le-Grande-Vey-768x573.jpg.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/turret-bunker-H35-37mm-Le-Grande-Vey-600x447.jpg.webp 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1400px) 100vw, 1400px\"\/>\n<\/picture><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">A tank turret bunker covering the entrance to the Carentan Canal at Le Grand Vey. Image:\u00a0NARA<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>To address the shortfall, the Germans turned to their massive stockpile of captured weapons:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list normal-line-height\">\n<li>Germany had captured a considerable amount of artillery during their campaigns in Poland, Belgium, France and Russia. Before the war, the annexation of Czechoslovakia also yielded a small but potent collection of armaments.<\/li>\n<li>Some German artillery designs from the early war period, notably tank and anti-tank guns, were repurposed for use on the Atlantic Wall.<\/li>\n<li>Even though these were older artillery designs, some obsolete for field use, they were still effective when employed from fortified positions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>When using captured or older (some nearly antique) artillery, the negatives are quickly manifested in logistical problems. Ammunition supply and spare parts proved to be the biggest challenges. When using Russian-made equipment, training and maintenance guides were additional hurdles.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Heavy Guns<\/h2>\n<p>While France\u2019s Maginot Line failed to prevent a German invasion in 1940, the Germans stripped many of the French \u201cCanon de 105 L mle 1936\u201d for use in their own ill-fated defensive line. These guns could fire a 34-pound shell out to about 7 miles.<\/p>\n<p>Two variants of the Soviet-made 122mm \u201cPuska obr. 1931 (and 1931\/37)\u201d heavy field gun were brought from the Eastern Front and integrated into the Atlantic Wall. These guns offered a range of about 12 miles, with a rate of fire of five rounds per minute. Most examples are seen placed on a turnstile in an open gun pit.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><picture decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-55781\"><source type=\"image\/webp\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Soviet-122mm-in-German-coastal-position.jpg.webp 1400w, https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Soviet-122mm-in-German-coastal-position-800x593.jpg.webp 800w, https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Soviet-122mm-in-German-coastal-position-400x296.jpg.webp 400w, https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Soviet-122mm-in-German-coastal-position-768x569.jpg.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Soviet-122mm-in-German-coastal-position-600x444.jpg.webp 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1400px) 100vw, 1400px\"\/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1400\" height=\"1037\" src=\"https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Soviet-122mm-in-German-coastal-position.jpg\" alt=\"Soviet 122mm in German coastal position\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Soviet-122mm-in-German-coastal-position.jpg 1400w, https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Soviet-122mm-in-German-coastal-position-800x593.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Soviet-122mm-in-German-coastal-position-400x296.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Soviet-122mm-in-German-coastal-position-768x569.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Soviet-122mm-in-German-coastal-position-600x444.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1400px) 100vw, 1400px\"\/>\n<\/picture><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">This Russian 122mm M1931 gun was captured by Germany on the Eastern Front in the Soviet Union. It is located in a simple open position on the Normandy coast. A bunker is in the background. Image:\u00a0NARA<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The Czech Skoda-built \u201c15 cm hruba houfnice vz. 25\u201d was an important addition to the Atlantic Wall; the Germans had more than a dozen of these heavy howitzers near the French coast. The vz.25 fired a 92-pound shell.<\/p>\n<div class=\"newsletter inline\">\n<div class=\"newsletter-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" style=\"display: none;\" class=\"logo-tal-icon\" src=\"https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/themes\/thearmorylife\/img\/logo-tal-tm-icon.svg\" alt=\"\"\/><\/p>\n<p><strong>Live The Armory Life.<\/strong> The latest content straight to your inbox plus an automatic entry to each of our <a class=\"ajax-giveaways\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/giveaways\/\"><strong>monthly gun\u00a0giveaways!<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p>The French-made 155mm \u201cCanon de 155 GPF\u201d was a decorated veteran of World War I, and it still offered about a 10-mile range and considerable punch in its 94-pound shell. One of its greatest benefits to the Germans was that large numbers were captured in France, and they were easily integrated into the Atlantic Wall defenses.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><picture decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-55782\"><source type=\"image\/webp\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Czech-150mm-artillery-at-Graville.jpg.webp 1400w, https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Czech-150mm-artillery-at-Graville-800x502.jpg.webp 800w, https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Czech-150mm-artillery-at-Graville-400x251.jpg.webp 400w, https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Czech-150mm-artillery-at-Graville-768x482.jpg.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Czech-150mm-artillery-at-Graville-600x376.jpg.webp 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1400px) 100vw, 1400px\"\/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1400\" height=\"878\" src=\"https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Czech-150mm-artillery-at-Graville.jpg\" alt=\"Czech 150mm artillery at Graville\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Czech-150mm-artillery-at-Graville.jpg 1400w, https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Czech-150mm-artillery-at-Graville-800x502.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Czech-150mm-artillery-at-Graville-400x251.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Czech-150mm-artillery-at-Graville-768x482.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Czech-150mm-artillery-at-Graville-600x376.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1400px) 100vw, 1400px\"\/>\n<\/picture><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">This Czech vz.25 150mm howitzer was mounted on a turnstile in an open gun pit. Image:\u00a0NARA<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>In the early months of Operation Barbarossa, the Germans were fortunate to capture large amounts of the Soviet 152mm \u201cGaubitsa-Pushka obr. 1937g\u201d. This was a modern and powerful weapon, and the Germans used it in their own heavy artillery detachments, with some transferred to the west for coastal defense. It fired a 43-pound shell up to 11 miles. <\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Anti-Tank Guns<\/h2>\n<p>When Germany annexed Czechoslovakia in 1938, they inherited a great number of weapons \u2014 one of the specialized systems they gained was a Czech fortress anti-tank gun, the Skoda \u201c47mm kanon vz. 36\u201d. These weapons were originally built for the Czech Sudeten forts, and the Germans removed them and their armored ball mounts (along with their embrasures) and fitted them to their Atlantic Wall defenses. By 1944, the 47mm casemate Pak guns were highly limited in the ability to penetrate the armor of many Allied tanks, but they could still punch through up to 100mm of armor at 100 meters.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><picture loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-55783\"><source type=\"image\/webp\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/German-troops-with-captured-French-47mm-APX-AT-gun-B-429.jpg.webp 1400w, https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/German-troops-with-captured-French-47mm-APX-AT-gun-B-429-800x482.jpg.webp 800w, https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/German-troops-with-captured-French-47mm-APX-AT-gun-B-429-400x241.jpg.webp 400w, https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/German-troops-with-captured-French-47mm-APX-AT-gun-B-429-768x463.jpg.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/German-troops-with-captured-French-47mm-APX-AT-gun-B-429-600x362.jpg.webp 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1400px) 100vw, 1400px\"\/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1400\" height=\"844\" src=\"https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/German-troops-with-captured-French-47mm-APX-AT-gun-B-429.jpg\" alt=\"German troops with captured French 47mm APX AT gun B 429\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/German-troops-with-captured-French-47mm-APX-AT-gun-B-429.jpg 1400w, https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/German-troops-with-captured-French-47mm-APX-AT-gun-B-429-800x482.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/German-troops-with-captured-French-47mm-APX-AT-gun-B-429-400x241.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/German-troops-with-captured-French-47mm-APX-AT-gun-B-429-768x463.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/German-troops-with-captured-French-47mm-APX-AT-gun-B-429-600x362.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1400px) 100vw, 1400px\"\/>\n<\/picture><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The German troops examine a captured French 47mm APX anti-tank gun. Although a second-tier AT gun, it was used in large numbers on the Atlantic coast. Image:\u00a0Author\u2019s collection<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Part of Germany\u2019s windfall of captured weapons when France fell in June 1940 included the \u201c47mm SA 37 APX\u201d anti-tank gun. An effective AT weapon in the early war years (able to penetrate 80mm of armor at 200 meters) the APX was a second-line gun by 1944. Even so, the Germans allocated considerable numbers to the Atlantic coast defenses, where they supported the modern 75mm Pak 40 and 88mm Pak 43 guns.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><picture loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-55784\"><source type=\"image\/webp\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/French-47mm-AT-gun-used-by-Germany.jpg.webp 1400w, https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/French-47mm-AT-gun-used-by-Germany-800x435.jpg.webp 800w, https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/French-47mm-AT-gun-used-by-Germany-400x218.jpg.webp 400w, https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/French-47mm-AT-gun-used-by-Germany-768x418.jpg.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/French-47mm-AT-gun-used-by-Germany-600x327.jpg.webp 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1400px) 100vw, 1400px\"\/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1400\" height=\"762\" src=\"https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/French-47mm-AT-gun-used-by-Germany.jpg\" alt=\"French 47mm AT gun used by Germany\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/French-47mm-AT-gun-used-by-Germany.jpg 1400w, https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/French-47mm-AT-gun-used-by-Germany-800x435.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/French-47mm-AT-gun-used-by-Germany-400x218.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/French-47mm-AT-gun-used-by-Germany-768x418.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/French-47mm-AT-gun-used-by-Germany-600x327.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1400px) 100vw, 1400px\"\/>\n<\/picture><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The Germans deployed many of the 47mm APX AT guns near the Normandy landing beaches. Author\u2019s collection<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>In 1934, the Germans modernized their WWI-vintage \u201c7.5 cm FK 16nA\u201d, adding a new 75mm barrel on the old 77mm FK 16 gun carriage. By the start of WWII, these guns had already aged out as useful field artillery, but they were still useful for training and coastal defense. A few were in use on the Normandy invasion beaches, and when equipped with high explosive-antitank ammunition (HEAT) they had some utility in AT defense and could penetrate about 70mm of armor.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Anti-Aircraft Guns<\/h2>\n<p>German anti-aircraft defenses profited from their haul of captured French AA weapons. One of the most important on the Atlantic Wall was the \u201c2.5 cm Hotckiss 38 und 39\u201d. The Hotchkiss 25mm gun was a powerful light AA weapon, but its sustained fire rate was sorely limited by a 10-round magazine.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1400\" height=\"924\" src=\"https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Germans-use-French-Hotchkiss-39-20mm-flak-AA-gun-Atlantic-Wall.jpg\" alt=\"Germans use French Hotchkiss 39 20mm flak AA gun Atlantic Wall\" class=\"wp-image-55785\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Germans-use-French-Hotchkiss-39-20mm-flak-AA-gun-Atlantic-Wall.jpg 1400w, https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Germans-use-French-Hotchkiss-39-20mm-flak-AA-gun-Atlantic-Wall-800x528.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Germans-use-French-Hotchkiss-39-20mm-flak-AA-gun-Atlantic-Wall-400x264.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Germans-use-French-Hotchkiss-39-20mm-flak-AA-gun-Atlantic-Wall-768x507.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Germans-use-French-Hotchkiss-39-20mm-flak-AA-gun-Atlantic-Wall-600x396.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1400px) 100vw, 1400px\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">German troops with a French Hotchkiss 39 25mm AA gun, covering a beach on the Atlantic coast in France. This photo was taken in May 1944. Image:\u00a0Author\u2019s collection<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>RAF aircraft attacking the Atlantic Wall sometimes faced their own AA guns \u2014 in the form of QF 3.7-inch guns. The Vickers-Armstrong guns (94mm) were highly regarded by the Germans, and the Flak troops made full use of the British guns captured in France, the Balkans, and North Africa.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Tank Turret Guns<\/h2>\n<p>Germany captured a large number of French tanks in 1940, and these vehicles were quickly conscripted into German service. Over the years the French tank chassis were modified as tank destroyers, self-propelled artillery, towing tractors, rocket launchers and for many other roles.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><picture loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-55786\"><source type=\"image\/webp\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/French-tank-turned-into-German-turret-bunker.jpg.webp 1400w, https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/French-tank-turned-into-German-turret-bunker-800x519.jpg.webp 800w, https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/French-tank-turned-into-German-turret-bunker-400x259.jpg.webp 400w, https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/French-tank-turned-into-German-turret-bunker-768x498.jpg.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/French-tank-turned-into-German-turret-bunker-600x389.jpg.webp 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1400px) 100vw, 1400px\"\/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1400\" height=\"908\" src=\"https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/French-tank-turned-into-German-turret-bunker.jpg\" alt=\"French tank turned into German turret bunker\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/French-tank-turned-into-German-turret-bunker.jpg 1400w, https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/French-tank-turned-into-German-turret-bunker-800x519.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/French-tank-turned-into-German-turret-bunker-400x259.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/French-tank-turned-into-German-turret-bunker-768x498.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/French-tank-turned-into-German-turret-bunker-600x389.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1400px) 100vw, 1400px\"\/>\n<\/picture><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Germans used obsolete French tank turrets to cover key areas. This APX R turret is from a R35 tank. A single soldier was responsible to load, sight and fire the 37mm gun. Image:\u00a0Author\u2019s collection<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>As the Atlantic Wall grew, many leftover turrets from French light tanks were used as bunkers. In Normandy, most of these turrets came from Renault R-35 and Hotchkiss H-35 light tanks, fitted with the 37mm SA18 gun and a 7.5mm Reibel machine gun.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conclusion<\/h2>\n<p>Necessity is truly the mother of invention, as shown by the efforts of the Germans to shore up their defenses at the Atlantic Wall. But, as we know, it was destined to fail. The Allies would successfully land at Normandy, and then push in toward Germany to the ultimate collapse of the Axis in Europe. However, these Frankenstein weapons at the beaches undoubtedly exacted a high price on the Allied forces landing there.<\/p>\n<p><em>Editor\u2019s Note: Be sure to check out The Armory Life Forum, where you can comment about our daily articles, as well as just talk guns and gear. Click the \u201cGo To Forum Thread\u201d link below to jump in!<\/em><\/p>\n<h5 class=\"heading heading-forum-thread hide-share\"><span>Join the Discussion<\/span><\/h5>\n<p class=\"forum-thread-button-wrapper hide-share\"><a class=\"button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/forum\/threads\/19966\/\">Go to forum thread<\/a><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><br \/>\n<br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thearmorylife.com\/nazi-recycling-captured-guns-fortify-the-atlantic-wall\/\">Source link <\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Tom Laemlein \u201cWaste not, want not.\u201d\u00a0I heard that expression quite a lot when I was a kid. My parents were children of the Great Depression, and my father a combat veteran of WWII. They made full use of everything they had. Their economy still rings out in my mind any time I waste anything. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2435,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2434","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/gunowner-news.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2434","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/gunowner-news.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/gunowner-news.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gunowner-news.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gunowner-news.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2434"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/gunowner-news.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2434\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gunowner-news.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/2435"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/gunowner-news.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2434"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gunowner-news.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2434"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gunowner-news.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2434"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}